Gender Inequality A Is A Man s World - 1157 Words

Gender Inequality No matter how much one argues, there is an undeniable truth is that this is a man’s world. Women are always one step behind men because society has not accepted the fact that women are just as capable. Women are generally disadvantaged or excluded regarding decision-making and access to economic and social resources. It is critical that we acknowledge that gender inequality exists and address the power imbalances, thus allowing access to opportunities, rights and obligations in all spheres of life to be no longer dependent on sex. Gender inequality, by definition, is the biased treatment between two sexes. I strongly believe that unequal treatment of women is something that should have stayed in the primitive times.†¦show more content†¦When women do decide to enter the market place, they often work in lower-paying jobs. They also have to leave work periodically because of child care responsibilities. Even though the roles of mother and wife is also vital to the well-being of society, it is often devalued and deny women access to the value public resources. The increase in gender stratification and lack of women’s participation automatically leads them to becoming the subordinate and men being the dominant in the modern society. Male dominance is something that has been culturally installed in every aspect of the modern life. â€Å"A dominant group, inevitably, has the greatest influence in determining a culture’s overall outlook – its philosophy, morality, social theory, and even its science. The dominant group, thus, legitimizes the unequal relationship and incorporates it into society’s guiding concept.† (Miller 111) Being the dominant group automatically gives the men label of the superior and women being inferior. Being labeled inferior, women are described as defective in mind or body and incapable of perform preferred activities. The dominant group often disrupt the development of subordinates and block the freedom of action and expression. According to the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) on gender-based violence of women age from 15 to 49, which asks women whether and when a husband is justified in beating his wife. Most respondents said that a husband justified of be ating his

It s A Crisp, Clear Skies Kind Of Friday Morning Essay

It’s a crisp, clear skies kind of Monday morning. I awoke earlier than usual to spend quiet time, in the early morning light, in the hot tub, with God before I write and before I meditate. The initial moments of the day are somehow much richer in solitude and inspiration comes more succinctly than mid and late day moments. A plausible explanation may be: I am rested, and there’s a lack of human-made energy buzzing around me or it could simply be that my mind isn’t buzzing because it’s not yet fully awakened. When my mind is buzzing, my entire body follows suit. Perhaps, the buzzing racing mind is part of what separates me from God. The irony of being in my headspace is that the body is always in the present moment, connected to the earth. The breath can serve as a reminder; for when I focus my attention on inhaling and exhaling, my thoughts slow down, my mind stops buzzing about, and for brief, fleeting moments, I am fully in the present. Being fully prese nt is where the mysteries of life dance, my intuition picks up on subtle energy, words and emotions of others float in. When I am present for others, I am transformed as if I am infused with and transferring love, compassion, hope, empathy, and kindness to others. These are the moments that I live for, the random coincidences where God puts another in my path. A path on which I am never sure if I am the teacher or the student and therefore, I become aware of humility that most often likes to hide underneath false notions ofShow MoreRelatedCafe Coffee Day14374 Words   |  58 PagesINTRODUCTION Cafà © Coffee Day is a chain of coffee shops in India having it s head quarters in Chikkamagaluru, Karnataka. A division of Amalgamated Bean Coffee Trading Company Ltd. (ABCTCL), it is commonly known as Coffee Day or CCD. It opened its first cafe in 1996 on Brigade Road in Bangalore, and today has the largest cafe retail chain in India - with 650 cafes in 110 cities. Headquartered in Bangalore, a majority of its cafes are also located in Bangalore. The cafe chain has had much successRead MoreDesigning a Customer Driven Statergy23698 Words   |  95 Pageslet’s look at Dunkin’ Donuts. Dunkin’, a largely Eastern U.S. coffee chain, has ambitious plans to expand into a national powerhouse, on a par with Starbucks. But Dunkin’ is no Starbucks. In fact, it doesn’t want to be. It targets a very different kind of customer with a very different value proposition. Grab yourself some coffee and read on. L ast year, Dunkin’ Donuts paid dozens of faithful customers in Phoenix, Chicago, and Charlotte, North Carolina, $100 a week to buy coffee at StarbucksRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pagestheir wives (Kevin and Dawn, Robert and Sally) and their children (Ryan, Carly, Connor and Lauren). C.F.G. â€Å"We must not cease from exploration and the end of all exploring will be to arrive where we begin and to know the place for the first time.† T. S. Eliot To Ann whose love and support has brought out the best in me. And, to our girls Mary, Rachel, and Tor-Tor for the joy and pride they give me. Finally, to my muse, Neil, for the faith and inspiration he instills. E.W.L Preface Since youRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreCase Studies67624 Words   |  271 Pagesdedicated preparation areas for the meat and non-meat products. The kitchen crew (in charge of cooking) had different uniforms to distinguish their roles and did not work at the vegetarian and non-vegetarian stations on the same day, thus ensuring clear segregation. The wrapping o f vegetarian and non-vegetarian food took place separately. These extra steps were taken to assure Indian customers of the wholesomeness of both products and their preparation. To convince Indian customers that the company

Emily Carr Research Essay Free Essays

Emily was accepted by the Group of Seven, and by far is British Columbians favorite artist. Emily Carr was a rave girl who strode to be different and was not afraid to show off her unique style of art. Her interest and talent for art was recognized when she was still just a small girl. We will write a custom essay sample on Emily Carr Research Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Emily was born on December 13, 1871 , in what was then, the small provincial town of Victoria, BC. She was the second youngest in her family Out Of the six children. Both Of her parents, Richard and Emily, were English; therefore, English manners and values were followed in Scars family. Emily had a pretty good relationship with her family during her childhood. Her mother although was almost always sick, and that left her eldest sister [Edith] to raise and discipline the younger children along with Email’s father 1. All in all, Emily respected and loved her siblings, which is clearly demonstrated in her writing in â€Å"The Book of Small. † â€Å"My sister Alice was two years older than I and knew a lot. Leslie was two years older than Alice and thought she knew it all. My big sister did know everything. † 2 1- Maria Tippet, Emily Carr: A Biography, peg. 2- Emily Carr, The Book of small Emily began art lessons while she was still in school, receiving instructions from some resident artists of Victoria. While still a teenager her parents passed away, and finances became tight. Art was really the only thing that separated her from her sisters who couldn’t understand her work or desire to pursue It in spite of their financial problems. Out of all her sisters, Emily was the only one who took art seriously. Carr didn’t find school to be of any appeal to her, and she didn’t want to follow in her sisters’ footsteps. So at age 17, after getting permission from her legal guardian Edith, she attended the San Francisco Art School. San Francisco turned out to be just the start of Car’s journey. Although it med like she learned a lot, Emily still wanted more. â€Å"l had not learned very much, not half what I had intended to absorb once I got into the Old country. † 3 After spending more than three years in San Francisco, Carr returned to Victoria. For six years Emily taught art to children in Victoria, while saving up enough money for her to travel to England and continue her studies. This wasn’t the only thing that Emily did over those couple of years. Carr had a fascination with Indians from childhood, and it grew with her as Emily matured into a woman. After returning from San Francisco, and spending mom time in Victoria, Emily set off for a real life adventure in Clientele to spend some time living with Natives on their reserve. 4 The native people accepted her easily in their homes and lives, and she developed a special relationship with them. Emily preferred to live a different lifestyle than most Victorians; she was more interested in learning the indigenous way of life. She often traveled by boat, and spent nights alone, sleeping in a tent. As she deepened herself in the native spirituality and grew stronger relationships with the Clutter people, they named her Kale Wick, The Laughing One. Maria Tippet, Emily Carr: A Biography, peg. 63-4 4 – Maria Tippet, Emily Carr: A Biography, peg. 30-31 After a few years Carr took her savings and finally continued her formal studies in England at the Westminster School of Art, and also in private studios of a number of British watercolors. Later she traveled to France, which turned out to be more inspiring for her. Finding Paris too stressful for her, she chose to tramp through the French countryside. Staying in small towns and villages she painted, and this is where her art journey started to take on a more Post-Impressionist style. In the small town of Creche-en-Erie and later on in SST. Flame, Carr studied under Philae Gibbs. It was from him that she finally found her true art passion, learning to translate the landscape from a realistic impression to a new, abstract realization, influenced by the Fauves and Cubists, then in vogue in Paris. 5 Although Carr learned a lot in France, she did not feel that she wanted to stay there for long. She was not respected by many, and she struggled to communicate with most French people, especially men. Most importantly, Emily felt homesick in this foreign land. So after spending about 14 months in France she returned to Victoria in 191 1. As it turned out, Car’s art wasn’t appreciated in the more traditional, strait-laced artistic world of Victoria and Vancouver. In the summer of 191 2, Carr created a great amount of watercolors paintings using her new French style. Her work didn’t sell well, and she received lots of negative criticism. After that Carr almost gave up art, but her spirit changed as did her luck when an ethnologist bought two of her paintings. That same ethnologist came back 12 years later to show Email’s painting to the director of the National Gallery n Ottawa. 1927 was the official year that everything changed for Emily; it was the year that she traveled to Ottawa to attend the December opening of the Canadian West Coast Art show at the National Gallery. There she met the members of the Group of Seven. Even before Emily arrived, she could already feel that she was heading towards some sort of destiny. The trip did become a huge event for Carr that spun her whole life around. The painting that the 5 – http://BMW. Besmirches. Gob. BC. Ca/exhibits/teammate/gallery 1 Frames/ Carr. HTML Group of Seven presented to her caused a great impression on her. Words weren’t necessary; the sight was enough to change Car’s whole view on what she needed to do, and even on what she could do. That night in her diary Emily Carr confidently wrote: â€Å"Oh, God, what have seen? Where have I been? Something has spoken to the very soul of me, wonderful, mighty, not of this world. The lingering memory of Harris’ art was still â€Å"surging through my whole being the wonder of it alarm like a great river rushing on, dark and turbulent, and rushing and irresistible, and carrying me away on its wild swirl like a helpless little bundle of recharge:† 6 Lawyer Harris later approached Carr and declared to her â€Å"You are one Of us,† welcoming her into the ranks of Ca nada’s leading modernists despite her own self-deprecating attitude. 7 With that statement Emily Carr got associated with the group of seven. After this successful trip Carr returned to Victoria where the most fertile period of her career as an artist began. Until 1931 , she generally used aboriginal themes in her paintings. Then, taking Harris’ advice, she stopped focusing so much on native art, and began to focus more on what her inner elf wanted to create. With that, her love of trees, forests and the nature of coastal skies was transferred onto her paintings. The last ten years of Email’s life were her most successful as an artist. Although life started to be good to Emily, those ten years were the ones where Carr started to experience major health problems. Still Emily didn’t lose spirit, and as she worked she could finally feel that she was satisfied with her paintings. She could see clearly the main purpose of her life, and so those ten last years became the happiest for her. – Susan Cream, The Laughing One: A Journey to Emily Carr 7 – http://rust. Ca/history/Carr. HTML In 1 937 Carr experienced her first angina attack. Her doctor restricted her painting activities, and so she focused more on her writing. The following year though, Emily life showered her with happiness when her first solo exhibition took place at the Vancouver Art Gallery. In 1939 Car’s health took another blow when she suffered a serious heart attack. That same year, Air Dilators, who was a teacher, editor, and conductor, agreed to edit Emily Car’s stories for publication. The year later after her heart attack Carr moved in with her sister Alice, right behind their old family home. Emily Scars first book â€Å"Kale Wick† was finally published in 1941. It was met with great success and won the Governor General’s Award for Non-fiction. Shortly after ‘The Book of Small† was published, and Emily went on her last sketching trip. During the last few years of her life, Emily felt weak, tired out, and feeble. Her poor health conditions restricted her from painting very much, but she still wrote books. Recognition of her work grew steadily as her paintings were Ewing exhibited in London, Paris, Washington, Amsterdam, and as well as in major Canadian cities. In 1 943 there was a major exhibition of her art in the Art Gallery of Toronto. Her books kept on being published one after another. Emily Carr passed away on March 2, 1945 in Victoria, shortly before she was to be awarded an honorary doctorate by the university of British Columbia. She died at peace with herself, happy to have achieved her dreams as an artist. More importantly for her was that she died having discovered her true self and her main purpose in life. How to cite Emily Carr Research Essay, Essays

Physics Conduction, Convection, Radiation Essay Example For Students

Physics: Conduction, Convection, Radiation Essay Conduction, Convection, and Radiation The three types of heat transfers are Conduction, Convection, and Radiation. Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place. For example hot objects that are in a room that is cooler than the temperature of the object will eventually cool to room temperature. First is conduction, conduction is heat transferring through direct contact of substances. Then convection, which is the transfer of heat by the movement of the warmed matter. Lastly radiation is electromagnetic waves that erectly transport heat through space. Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other. The better the conductor is the faster the heat will transfer. The best conductor of heat is a metal. Conduction occurs when a substance is heated and when particles gain energy they start to vibrate more. Then the particles will bump into nearby particles and transfer some of their energy them. This process continues and passes the energy from the hot end down to the colder end of the substance. Convection occurs when warmer areas of a liquid or gas rise to cooler areas in the liquid or gas. Cooler liquid or gas will take the place of the warmer areas which have risen higher. This ends up in a circulation pattern that keeps going. A good example of convection is water boiling in a pan of the convection currents. Another example of convection occurs in the atmosphere. The example of convection that happens is that the earths surface is warmed by the sun, first the warm air rises and cool air moves in. Radiation is another type of heat transfer. This type of heat transfer does not rely on any contact between the source of the heat and the object that is heated, like it happens with conduction and convection. Sunlight is a form of radiation. Heat can be transmitted though space by thermal radiation. Thermal radiation is often called infrared radiation. This radiation is a type of electromagnetic radiation. There is zero mass is exchanged and there is also no medium required for the process of radiation. Some examples of radiation are the heat from the sun, and heat released room the filament of a light bulb. As you can see these are the three types of heat transfers. Conduction is the transfer of heat between substances that are in direct contact with each other. Liquid or gas. Radiation is the only type of heat transfer that does not rely on any contact between the source of the heat and the object that is heated, like it happens with conduction and convection. One thing to remember is that heat always moves that is cooler than the temperature of the object will eventually cool to room temperature.

The Process of Painting a Bedroom Essay Example For Students

The Process of Painting a Bedroom Essay The next Step, and the cost important step, is picking out what color paint your going to use. If its a babys room a soft blue is always a good choice because its calming. Or if its for a newly. Wed couple a red would be good to represent the excitement of a new life together. These simple steps will help create the perfectly painted bedroom that we all picture. Painting a bedroom includes proper preparation and execution of the steps. Preparation is key when painting a bedroom. Moving everything out of the bedroom is probably going to take the longest. We will write a custom essay on The Process of Painting a Bedroom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Most would suggest getting friend to help. The painter will need to take all the pictures off the walls and the furniture has to be taken out, or pushed to the center with a sheet covering it. Taping off the bedroom is one of the most critical steps. The painter is going to want to tape the plastic or sheet to the floor so that there are no accidents. Next, the window trimmings and the mantels will need to be taped off and any other touching items that dont want to he painted as well. After everything been taped off, its almost time to start painting! But, before the painting can begin, he paint is going to have to be mixed up, Mixing helps to blend the color more and leave the walls with a nice, smooth coat of paint. Now that everything is ready to go, its time to find the right place to start painting. Most people start around the edges such as the windows. A small paint brush will be perfect for this job. The painter can use its tiny bristles to get into those small corners and tight fits. Its best to just dip the paint brush into the bucket once, and then Wipe Off the sides on the edges in case Of any dripping paint. Brush strokes should be long, nice and even. After finishing the trimmings, the painter may want to use a paint roller to fill in the larger areas on the walls. Once the first coat is applied, step back and let it dry. When the wall is finally dry, a second coat is usually applied to fill in all those spots that may have been missed. At last the painter is left with a marvelous paint job. As you can see, with the right preparation and following these simple steps, will lead to a beautifully painted bedroom. Although this may all seem like a breeze to go through, many still make mistakes. Dont worry, theres always room to make mistakes! If the painter gets a little paint on the ceiling, it can be easily removed with a wet rag and a little scrubbing. It that doesnt work, some flat white paint will do just the job. Hopefully everyone will get that perfect finish thats wanted. Now that one bedroom is done, dont be afraid to start painting other rooms in the house, Explore the different variety of paints and patterns all through the home. In conclusion, painting can be both pleasurable and fulfilling.

Writing a Dissertation Proposal

Writing a Dissertation Proposal Dissertation writing is an exhaustive academic experience, the successful completion of which demonstrates the candidates ability to address a major intellectual problem and arrive at an independent, successful conclusion at a high level of professional competence. What Is a Dissertation Proposal? Any student required to submit a dissertation (a lengthy, formal treatise – especially one written by a candidate for a doctoral degree at a university) will more than likely be required to submit first a dissertation proposal. And even if the student is not required first to write a dissertation proposal, drafting one will be a very useful practice for him when aiming to complete a dissertation in the future. A dissertation proposal is basically an abstract to the  dissertation,  which provides an organized, concise plan for completing it. DISSERTATION WRITING The purpose of the dissertation proposal is to convince a committee, or a group of academic advisors who would ultimately be awarding the student the degree, whether doctoral or graduate, that there is a legitimate question worth pursuing and that the student is in a position to succeed in pursuing it. Proposals of this kind demonstrate that the student has identified an interesting research question, can objectively, concisely and thoroughly explain the importance of the question to just about anyone not familiar with the topic, and has a detailed plan for testing their hypotheses. A proposal includes what one’s dissertation is, most importantly, about, as well as what specific questions are being examined in the academic treatise. They embody previously published thoughts and studies on the topic, the research methods the student will attempt to incorporate, whether empirical or non-empirical and, lastly, the potential outcomes of the study. A Checklist Comprising a Dissertation Proposal Dissertation title Of course, the student will, often after conducting research and observing  developments in the analysis of their subject’s problem, be forced to alter the wording  of their title. The title should also be kept generally short in nature and to the point. Objectives Focus on three strong objectives, or what exactly the student aims to accomplish, to keep from the scope of the dissertation and its accompanying research from being entirely too broad. Literature, context, and background This means the inclusion of all schools of thought, domains of practice, and areas of study that will ultimately be incorporated into the dissertation. Research details In this portion of the proposal, expand on the ideas expressed in the research  question, or the overarching question – or problem, or topic – being solved, addressed and evaluated. Methodologies   Here, the students share the system of methods they plan to implement into their dissertation. Methodologies should either be empirical (which is based on or concerned with, or verifiable, by observation and/or experience rather than theory or pure logic – and are usually a study or collection of data, such as questionnaires) or non-empirical (with research coming from already published writings and projects). Potential outcomes In this part of the dissertation proposal, the students should summarize the type of outcomes they hope to generate. If the outcomes were indeed obvious from the start, there would be no need for – and certainly no approval from the student’s professors and advisors alike – a dissertation in the first place. Timeline Students may be asked to include a realistic, thorough outline of how they plan to conduct and manage research. Adding a timeline helps to convince an academic committee that the students working to have their dissertation accepted for academic credit are prepared to undergo the rigorous process of completing – and actually having accepted – their dissertation. Bibliography Most dissertation proposals (as well the dissertations themselves) will require a list of references used throughout the project. DISSERTATION WRITING SERVICE If you find the process of writing a dissertation proposal difficult or if you have no time for that, feel free to contact our friendly support team for assistance or place an order and we will gladly help you.

Mills-pennisula radiology program Personal Statement

Mills-pennisula radiology program - Personal Statement Example I have a strong passion for working at the hospital but I have not been able to achieve my objectives due to some licensing issues. I write to ask for your kind consideration since this is the only program that can help me reach my goal of becoming a radiology technologist. This is also in consideration of the fact that my dream of becoming a qualified and registered radiologist and to practice in this area wholly depends on my ability to work and be awarded a well recognized certificate from a reputable institution. Before joining MRI school, I worked with the United Airline for more than 9 years in different positions. For instance, I worked at the customer service where I interacted with the clients for quite some time before being promoted to the position of customer service supervisor. In this position, I was able to gain some skills such as management skills that involve being able to mobilize resources in order to ensure the organization achieves its targets. This position also involved interacting with the clients, and therefore my social interaction skills were greatly improved considering the fact that I need to have good communication skills. Due to my high adaptability and flexible nature, I was further promoted to the position of resource supervisor. Working in this position made me learn vital management skills; it made me learn how to manage resources such as time, materials, and people. I was entrusted with all the organizational responsibilities, all of which I was able to carry out effectively. Carrying out these responsibilities improved my leadership skills, communication skills, and my ability to lead and supervise subordinates effectively. I have also learned how to run projects from the planning stage to their completion since the organization had some projects to complete. I have also worked at the MRI clinic which gave me a realization that it means a great deal being in a

Foundation for critical thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Foundation for critical thinking - Essay Example humility does not mean loss of power to reason but rather understanding that each encounter with other people is an opportunity to learn (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2013). Intellectual perseverance refers an awareness of the importance to adhere to insights and facts no matter how disabling situations might be or the magnitude of unreasonable oppositions from other people with different points of view. Intellectual perseverance denotes the ability to take our time to work through confusion and questions that trouble our minds in order to gain deeper understanding on various issues. It is the ability to acquire courage to navigate intellectual complexities (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2013). Intellectual autonomy is the capacity to have control over our values, beliefs and inferences. Intellectual autonomy implies that an individual is able to use reason and evidence to analyze different beliefs. He /she is able to object where it is expedient to object and only believes when it is sensible to believe (Cone, 2013). Depending on situations, it may not be rational to object or believe. Intellectual autonomy in such cases dictates that we conform (Foundation for Critical Thinking, 2013). Therefore, to maximize my intellectual perseverance, I will look to hard tasks as opposed to easy tasks. It won’t matter how time consuming they will be. I will repeatedly attempt to accomplish the task until it’s done. The satisfaction of achievement that I will gain after tackling the hard task will leave me with a magnified sense of accomplishment and pride that I chose the harder way and persevered. I will improve my intellectual humility by training myself to tolerate and listen to other peoples’ views and ideas, bearing in mind that they may be more knowledgeable than I am. Finally, I will maximize intellectual autonomy by developing a habit of gathering adequate facts regarding a particular issue, analyzing the facts and making a final liberal decision

Overweight and Obesity Among Adults in the US Essay

Overweight and Obesity Among Adults in the US - Essay Example The statistics mentioned in this essay represents the rate of obesity in the United States according to statistics of 2010 among adults who are 20 and older (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, 2012). It can be seen that rate of obesity is relatively higher in ethnic groups as compared to Whites in different categories of obesity. If analyzed in the light of causes mentioned above, it can be seen that ethnic groups have relatively lower access to a healthy lifestyle. Prime reasons of it can be less income, residence in the neighborhoods where availability of healthy food and fresh produce is not possible and other social and cultural factors leading to obesity (Centers of Disease Control & Prevention, 2013). In addition to that, ethnic groups like African Americans and Hispanics have cultural preferences for larger portions and family meals contributing to the overall increase in weight (Lutfiyya, Garcia, Dankwa, Young & Lipsky, 2008). As far as sedentar y lifestyle is concerned, the rate of multiple jobs is higher in ethnic groups requiring more time to be spent on job curtailing the rate of physical activity. Furthermore, low median income groups also sustain lower access to nutritional food due to increasing cost of fresh edible items and also easy availability of junk food (Lutfiyya, Garcia, Dankwa, Young & Lipsky, 2008). The higher rate of both parents employment is also present in ethnic minorities which also makes utilization of junk food a viable option. Furthermore, deprived neighborhoods also have the poor infrastructure in which recreational spaces are also limited. A considerable amount of research also indicates that individuals from ethnic groups are more susceptible to mental conditions like clinical depression which is more likely to trigger binge eating (Fuchs, 2011). Research also states that factors such as commercialism on food, increased screen time and complex work arrangements are likely to affect ethnic minor ities more as compared to Whites.

The Direct Bald On Record Strategy English Language Essay

The Direct Bald On Record Strategy English Language Essay According to Brown and Levinson(1978: 74), bald on record strategy is a direct way of saying things, without any minimisation to the imposition, in a direct, clear, unambiguous and concise way, for example Do X!. Brown and Levinson (1987) claim that the primary reason for bald on record usage may be generally stated as whenever the speaker wants to do FTA with maximum efficiency more than s/he wants to satisfy hearers face, even to any degree, s/he will choose the bald on record strategy. There are different kinds of bald on record usage in different circumstances. This is because the speaker can have different motives for her/his wants to do the FTA with minimum efficiency. The motives fall into two classes; one is where the face threat is not minimised and therefore ignored or irrelevant, and the other is where in doing the FTA baldly on record, the speaker minimises face threats by implication. Brown and Levinson (1978: 100) give an example of bald on record strategy and say that direct imperatives are clear examples of bald on record usage. Imperatives are often softened with hedges or conventional politeness markers, e.g., Please send us the offers. Verb do is used with imperatives, like in Do call us. While what BL call bald on record strategies might simply involve the Gricean maxims, politeness strategies, in contrast, would involve violating the maxims in specific way. Positive politeness The positive politeness is usually seen in groups of friends, or where people of given social situation know each other fairly well. It usually tries to minimize the distance between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearers need to be expected (minimize FTA). Unlike negative politeness, positive politeness is not necessarily re-dressive of the particular face infringed by the FTA. According to Brown and Levinson (1978: 106), positive politeness is redress directed to the addressees positive face, his/her perennial desire to the his/her wants or actions acquisitions, values resulting from them -should be thought of as desirable. Furthermore, they describe that the redress consists in partially satisfying that desire that ones own wants or some of them are in some respects similar to the addressees wants. BL also note that unlike negative politeness, positive politeness is not necessarily redressive of the particular face want infringe by the FTA. In other words, in positive politeness, the sphere of redress is widened to the appreciation of alters wants in general or to the expression of similarity between egos and alters wants . . . .the linguistic realizations of positive politeness are in many respects simply representative of the normal linguistic behaviour between intimates, where interest and approval of each others personality, presuppositions indicating shared wants and shared knowledge, implicit claims to reciprocity of obligations or to reflexivity of wants, etc. Are routinely exchanged. Perhaps the only feature that distinguishes positive politeness redress from normal everyday intimate language behaviour is an element of exaggeration; this serves as a marker of the face-redress aspect of positive politeness expression by indicating that even S cant with total sincerity say I want your wants he can at least sincerely indicate I want your positive face to be satisfied Brown and Levinson (1978: 106) BL add the element of insincerity in exaggerated expressions of approval or interest is compensating for by the implication that the speaker sincerely wants positive face to be enhanced. This perspective of intimacy is interesting when considering articles in economic journals between authors and audiences are not usually very intimate and if they were, intimacy would be disregard while giving scientific claims. In this sense, it could be expected that not many strategies of positive politeness would be used or rarely used in the articles of economic journals. BL also explain that the association with intimate language usage gives the linguistic of positive politeness its redressive force. They claim that positive politeness utterances are used as kind of metaphorical extensions of intimacy, to imply common ground or sharing of wants to a limited extension of intimacy, and also to imply common ground or sharing of wants to a limited extent even between strangers who perceive themselv es for the purposes of the interaction as somehow similar. This is true when considering economic articles; in fact, sometimes authors and audiences (esoteric) have similar knowledge in general or purpose in common. BL also point out that the positive politeness techniques are usable not only for FTA redress but in general as a kind of accelerator, where S, in using them, indicates he wants to come closer to H or audiences. In addition, BL divide positive politeness into three strategies, namely claiming the common ground, conveying that sender and receiver are co-operators and fulfilling receivers want. 2.3.2.3 Negative Politeness When Brown and Levinson define negative politeness, they say that it is a redressive action addressed to the addressees negative face, that is the addressees wants to have freedom of action unhindered and addressees attention unimpeded. They also point out that negative politeness is the heart of respective behaviour, just as positive politeness is the kernel of familiar and joking behaviour. Negative politeness corresponds to the rituals of avoidance. Where positive politeness is free-ranging, negative politeness is specific and focused; it performs the function of minimizing the particular imposition that the FTA gives unavoidable effects. Furthermore, BL also stress the difference among them, that negative politeness is the kind of politeness used between acquaintances whereas positive politeness is used between closer friends. Negative politeness is the most elaborate and the most conventionalized set of linguistic strategies for FTA redress; it fills the etiquette books although positive politeness also gets some attention. Furthermore, according to BL (1987: 135), the linguistic realization of negative politeness, conventional indirectness, hedges on illocutionary force, polite pessimism, and the emphasis on hearers relative power are very familiar and need no introduction. In addition, BL say that the negative politeness outputs in all forms are used in general for social distancing. Therefore, they are likely to be used whenever a speaker or a sender wants to put a social brake on the course of interaction. There are five main categories as the linguistic realization of negative politeness by BL, namely communicating senders want not to impinge the receiver, not coercing receiver, not presuming/assuming, being (conventionally in) direct and redressing receivers wants. 2.3.2.4 Off Record Brown and Levinsons (1978:216) define off record strategy as a communicative act which is done in such a way that is not possible to attribute one clear communicative intention to the act. In this case, the actor leaves her/himself an out by providing her/himself with a number of defensible interpretations. S/he cannot be held to have committed her/himself to just one particular interpretation of her/his act. In other words, BL claim, the actor leaves it up to the addressee to decide how to interpret the act. Off record utterances are essential in indirect use of language. One says something that is rather general. In this case, the hearer must make some inference to recover what was intended. For example, if somebody says It is hot in here, the hidden meaning of the utterance can be a request to open the window or to switch on the air conditioner. Furthermore, BL (1978: 230-232), list inviting conversational implicatures as one of the main strategies of off record-ness, and its subcategories are giving hints, giving association clues, presupposing, understating, overstating, using tautologies, using contradictions, being ironic, using metaphors, and using rhetorical question. The other main strategy of going off record is being vague or ambiguous, and its subcategories are being ambiguous, being vague, over-generalising, displacing hearer and being incomplete. Politeness In Scientific articles This section aims to present an overview of recent trends in the research of academic writing. One particular area of on-going research is the use of politeness in scientific articles such as economic issues written by economic scholars in academic journal. Myers (1989) discovers that politeness strategies are used explicitly in scientific research article, for instance, to make claims and avoid FTAs. In his study The Pragmatic of Politeness in Scientific Articles, Myers mentions that he adopted politeness strategies proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987) in their book Politeness; Some Universal in language Usage. Brown and Levinson (1987) have developed a theory of politeness to explain the nature of politeness phenomena in language. According to them, it is possible to define generic types of politeness strategies to explain and predict the adoption of politeness in oral or written discourse. As already mentioned in the previous explanation, this theory is based on the work of Goffmann (1967) and it states that people who want to be polite assess the degree of face threat that their discourse will cause in others. BL outline a whole hierarchy of politeness strategies and argue that cultures can be compared in terms of which categories of redress preferred. Most of the claims in the corpus of scientific articles illustrate either positive or negative politeness strategies. But there are instances that illustrate the other choices open to BLs Model of person; doing FTA without redress, baldly; doing it off record; indirectly; and deciding not to do it at all. The Model Person also has a rational faculty for choosing the course of action that will give the highest pay-off with the least loss of face, evaluating three variables; the social distances (D); the relative difference in power between the speaker and hearer (P); and the rank of imposition (R). Myers (1989: 3) in his articles still uses the Brown and Levinson model to help understand the interaction between writers and readers in written text, and particularly in scientific texts, so it meant that these three basic variables are affective to help this study understand the interactions of politeness between writers and readers in written text. In the realm of written communication, the influence of the above factors to politeness has been assessed by Chiappini and Harris 1996; Holtgraves and Yang 1990; and Pilegaard 1997. Although it has been said that specific factors like power, social distance or status influence the adoption of strategies, it is difficult to provide definite conclusions. But it could be said that politeness in written communication such as in economic journal, like others academic field has been generally concluded as a strategy used to create and maintain a friendly atmosphere for relations, to close distance between speakers and hearers and to mitigate the impact of impositions. Greg Myers published his article The Pragmatics of Politeness in Scientific Articles in 1989. By using the model of the politeness principle, Myers (1989) pioneers the application of Brown and Levinsonss (1987) politeness strategies onto written text, and he discovers the existence of politeness in scientific articles. This study attempts to follow what Myers had done in the previous study when he explores and analyzes the research article, by choosing to study economic journals that are quite similar to the corpus in Myerss study. The reason is because an economic journal consists of interactions among economists in which the maintenance of face is crucial. We could see economists building alliances that define what knowledge is as the statement of the individual becomes a fact when it is accepted and used by consensus of the community. In these interactions, certain FTAs are unavoidable and must be redressed with various politeness devices. Moreover, every economist report in the economic issues states a claim, in other words, it makes statement that is to be taken as the articles contribution to knowledge. Most reports, in stating a claim, deny or supersede the claims of others. As stated earlier, this study tries to examine the politeness strategies in the economic text. Myers (1989) investigates the use of politeness in scientific text which closely related with this study. Myers (1983: 3) justifies his reasons for studying politeness strategies in scientific articles. The first reason is scientific article containing the norms of scientific culture, which include the use of passives, nominalization, hedges, and acknowledgement. Secondly, it is because he considers scientific writing as a hard case. If this type of writing contains politeness strategies, then their presence in other genres can be expected. The next reason is that every scientific reports states a claim, an FTA is performed. It would be interesting to see how writers of scientific writing employ politeness strategies to stake a claim. Myers (1983) also discovers that politeness strategies are used explicitly in scientific articles. Below are the strategies employed by the writers/authors co mmonly found in the scientific papers. 2.3.3.1 Positive Politeness and Solidarity In Brown and Levinson (1987), the hierarchy of positive politeness is directed at showing the speaker concerns with hearers concern. Similarly, Myers in his article illustrate the situation: That in scientific writing the range possible references to the readers wants is severely restricted: one cannot for instance, make any remark praising the general talents of a researcher, or remind the readers of a readers past success. But there are positive politeness devices for showing the writer acceptance of the wants of rival researcher, or of the scientific community as whole. (Myers: 1989) In his article, he also points out that the researchers show their solidarity with the community by showing identification with common goals. For instance, when a researcher expresses disappointment, it does not mean that it is a display of personal feelings. Instead, it is an expression of despair for the loss of the opportunity to contribute towards the community. In another example, when an author or a researcher expresses his pleasure or sheer delight, it is not a celebration of personal achievement; it is meant to indicate how glad the author is that the findings fit with the larger goals of the scientific community. Myers (1989) finds that strategic use of pronoun is to stress solidarity, as imposition is made and the use of modifiers to assume common ground, the use of emotional response to indicate solidarity and such unscientific-seeming devices as joking and giving gifts, and also the use of citations are normally used to show solidarity. One way of making criticism while minimizing the FTA is for the writers to use pronoun that include themselves in the criticism. Besides the use of we that means the writers, there is we that means the discipline as a whole. The use of the first person plural pronoun lessens the impact of the claim or criticism made (Myers 1998:7). When an author uses we, it shows solidarity with others, such as research partner(s) or supervisor(s) Joking would seem to be an unlikely politeness strategy in scientific text, and indeed there is not much room for humour in it. But jokes are useful for scientists, linguists, economists or other academic communities, in establishing a sense of shared knowledge or assumptions. This sense can emerge in two features of scientific articles, namely new terms and titles, and they may serve to mitigate the FTA of claim. BL list the giving of gifts as one of their positive politeness strategies. The concerned device in the analysis of writing is the gift of credit, especially in the disposition of citations. It may seem odd that the choice of who to cite and who not to cite could be matter of strategy. One special case of this of giving credit is the acknowledgement of simultaneous, independent claims. Historically, priority disputes have been major causes of tension within the scientific community. Furthermore, authors can show their solidarity with the community more subtly by exhibiting response that assumed shared knowledge. Myers (1989) in his paper finds an indication of emotional response to results, or desire for certain results. In scientific writing such as economic journals, a pattern of citations is used to show solidarity with the scientific community. Authors used this strategy to show the referee or the editorial board that their work is in agreement with the previous studies and it is supported by these studies. Also, by citing the findings of the established members of the academic community, they hoped that their suggestions would be more convincing. Based on the explanations above, those basic concepts of the positives politeness in scientific articles have not changed much compared to the basic concepts proposed by BL, that the communication is framed so that all parties maintain a positive face. Positive politeness is an effort to make up for a threat to the desired self-image or it usually tries to minimize the distance between them by expressing friendliness and solid interest in the hearers need to be respected. Positive politeness devices are used to mitigate both claims and denials of claims.

Group Climate Essay -- essays research papers

Group Climate Group climate consists of the overall sentiment that is displayed within a group. This includes the aspects of honesty, openness, consistency and respect according to â€Å"Teamwork† by Lefasto and Larson. When evaluating the characteristics of group climate in a team, the most prevalent component to examine is trust. Trust yields respect, acknowledgement, cohesiveness, a bridge between cultural differences and above all else, sensitivity to ideas being expressed so a consensus can be reached. However, as pointed out by â€Å"Teamwork†, trust is extremely fragile. If trust can be maintained and not breached, a team has defeated one of the few obstacles that inhibit the team from attaining their ultimate goal. This is because trust breeds belief in other team members, respect in their actions, and efficiency, as the group will not have to spend extra time ironing out problems that may arise when a breach of trust occurs. Due to trust’s fragility, a breaking of trust can come do to a number of seemingly insignificant circumstances. Such circumstances include a member coming late to a meeting, not being prepared, presenting illogical and not well thought-out ideas, inconsistency in behavior, holding back opinions, etc. In order to avoid such circumstances, team members must have a clear vision of their goal and have a certain degree of zeal concerning the purpose of their task. To create these two ideals, it is suggested that the first activity a group collaborates to achi...

Strategy Marketing Report on K&N’s

K&N’s, a founding pillar and beacon for Pakistan’s Poultry Industry started in 1964 with a single minded objective of providing better nutrition for health and happiness of the nation. Building on years of poultry expertise and commitment to food-safety, K&N’s integrated all poultry production activities under one umbrella to bring you safe and healthy chicken by managing and controlling all stages of production. Products. K&N’s markets layer and broiler hatching-eggs, layer and broiler, day-old chicks, poultry feed, processed chicken and ready-to-cook & fully cooked food. I selected only the ready to cook category of K&N’s which include Nuggets, Croquettes, Chicken Tempura, Burger Patties, Kofta, Combo wings, Fun nuggets, Hot Tenders, Chapli Kabab, Harey Bharey Nuggets and Tender Pops. Distribution Products are stored at -21?C to maintain freshness. Packed products are moved into K&N’s sanitized refrigerated trucks for distribution to ensure uncompromising quality control. K&N’s chicken products are available at K&N’s Chicken Stores and leading retailers and also delivered to quality and food-safety conscious institutions such as hotels, restaurants, airlines, clubs and international restaurant chains. Market share Market share of K&N’s is almost 70% (on average) in ready to cook food category. At Hyper Star almost 80% people buy K&N’s products. At CSD almost 60% people buy K&N’s products and at Macro almost 75% people buy this brand. This is the highest market share and at this time it is the leading brand in this category. Where the brand stands? The brand is growing rapidly day by day due to the customer satisfaction and the product is according to the customer’s requirement as well as they are targeting different segments of the markets like children and the vegetarians. Positive points of its product From the customer view point K&N’s is providing healthy food. It is easy to cook especially it facilitates the working women because they don’t have much time to make all those things in home. They are targeting the children as well through fun nuggets so women are using for their children lunch. This brand provides the hygienic food to its customer that build trust in the customer. Moreover the taste of K&N’s food is superior then others. These attributes are increasing its’ market share and this brand is growing. Competitors Competitors of K&N’s are Menu and Mano salwa. Both of these brands couldn’t make its brand image as strong as K&N’s has. Secondly they are not providing that level of customer satisfaction that K&N’s is providing. Target market The company is targeting different age groups as well as different income groups. Their prices are normal so even a middle class person can afford it. They are targeting elite upper middle and middle class. On the age basis, they are targeting children as well as the young people. Conclusion K&N’s is a largest selling brand in ready to cook food category. They are focusing more and more on the fully cooked products for the ease of customers with the special focus on the hygiene factor. It is the brand that provide value product to its customer. There market starts with the customers and end with the customer. This is the main reason for their market share and market growth

Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences

Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences Introduction Evolutionary psychology has long been a dominant approach for describing and explaining the mating preferences of females. It places emphasis on the idea that women pay more attention to a male’s status, his ability to provide resources to the family, the income of this person or his education.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More More importantly, evolutionary psychology implies that women’s mating strategies and preferences are not strongly affected by culture. In my opinion, this theory does not fully account for the behavior of women. In particular, it does not explain why women choose to end their relationship with a partner. Furthermore, evolutionary framework does not account for the existing of cross-sex friendships. In this literature review, I would like to discuss empirical studies that examine attraction, changing preferences of women, and their values. These studies are primarily based on the use of interviews and surveys. These are the main themes that should be explored. Overall, many researchers believe that women’s mating strategies cannot be fully attributed only to the forces of evolution. Values Overview of the theme One of the issues that should be discussed is the values of women. Special attention should be paid to the way in which these values can change with time passing. Secondly, it is important to remember that values can be dependent on cultural background of a person. The thing is that they are closely related to mating decisions of women. Evolutionary account of female mating strategies cannot account why females can leave their partners, even if their socio-economic status has not changed. Subtheme: the change of values and the end of relationship In their article, Nasrin Abedinia et al (2012) examine the factors that contribute to divorce. One of the goals is to understand the circumstances that prompt a person to end a relationship with his/her spouse (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 65). Their study involved the use of the structured interview, and researchers and the sample included 300 participants who were both males and females (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 65). According to the findings of these researchers, women are more likely to consider divorce when their partners cannot meet their psychological needs (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 69). For instance, one can mention the need for self-esteem. This is they may leave their mating partner. Similar findings have been derived by Oluyemi Stephens (2012) who also examines the perceived causes of divorce. This research was based on the interview of family counselors who worked with couples or divorced individuals (Stephens, 2012, p. 115). The sample of the study included 150 counselors (Stephens, 2012, p. 115). The results of this research indicate that the change of socio-economic s tatus is not the only reason why women want to divorce.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, they refer to the difference in perception of gender roles and lack of communication between partners (Stephens, 2012, p. 115). Overall, the results of these studies suggest that income or financial stability do not always play the most important role of women. The data, provided by Oluyemi Stephens (2012) and Nasrin Abedinia et al show that there are exceptions to evolutionally account of female mating preferences. Nevertheless, one should not suppose that resources and status of the male partner is of no importance to women. One can refer to the research article written by Hendrix Lewellyn and Willie Pearson (1995) who explore such a concept as spousal interdependence. These authors carried out a meta-analysis of empirical studies that examined the cause of divorc e (Lewellyn Pearson, 1995, p. 118). They have found out that women, who were financially dependent on their husbands, were less likely to divorce. Thus, the availability of resources is of great importance to women. Gender roles and power It should be noted that the values of women can greatly depend on their perception of gender roles and power of women within the family. This perception is shaped primarily by social forces. Again, one can refer to the study by Hendrix Lewellyn and Willie Pearson (1995). The findings of these authors suggest that mating preferences of women greatly depend on their social status. For example, they can value the economic prosperity of their partner more provided that they cannot maximize their wealth independently (Lewellyn Pearson, 1995, p. 225). The study carried out by David Schmitt (2005) can also throw light on the values of women. This researcher surveyed 14,059 participants from 48 countries (Schmitt, 2005, p. 247). In particular, the schola r looked at self-reports of both male and female participants. To a great extent, this research confirms the premises of evolutionary theories, because it suggests that women, who may belong to different cultures or societies, place more value on the economic status of their partners and their ability to care about children (Schmitt, 2005, p. 279). Still, the role of cultural differences should not be disregarded. In her study, Devendra Singh (2004) examines the mating preferences of American men and women whose age ranged between 19-60 (Singh 2004, p. 52). According to this scholar, women are set higher standards for their physical appearance of their partners, if they consider themselves to be attractive (Singh 2004, p. 46). These examples indicate that evolutionary biology cannot fully explain the mating preferences of women.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Evolutionary Account of Female Mating Preferences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theme B: Attraction Overview of the theme The discussion of female mating preferences should include such a concept as attraction. Evolutionary approach implies that women attach more importance to physical condition of the partner at the beginning of their relationship, but later they attach more importance to such factors as socioeconomic status, education, or stability. In this section, I will try to examine how women regard attraction and what factors influence their views. Sub-theme: Various aspects of attraction There are several studies suggesting that mating preferences of women cannot be reduced to the paradigms of evolutionary theory. For example, the study carried out by Andrew Lehr and Glenn Geher (2006) who interviewed 32 female students (p. 423). One of the issues that these researchers have identified is that women consistently pay attention similarity in attitudes and tastes (Lehr Geher, 2006, p. 438). If there are no common inter ests or attitudes, they are not likely to start a relationship with a male. These preferences cannot be attributed only to evolutionary forces. Additionally, I would to discuss the study done by Devendra Singh whose findings have been discussed in this paper. (2004). This researcher points out that women tend to value the physical appearance of a partner, even if one is speaking about long-term relations (Singh 2004, p. 52). Finally, one can refer to the research article written by Nasrin Abedinia et al whose findings have been mentioned before (2012). These researchers point out that women value communication, emotional attachment, and ability of their partners to meet their psychological needs (Abedinia et al, 2012, p. 65). These choices and preferences contradict the principles of evolutionary psychology that emphasizes on security and availability of resources. Sub-theme: Physical health Another aspect of attraction is physical health of the mating partner. One has to admit that women can be attracted by a partner, he leads a healthy lifestyle. Nevertheless, there are some notable exceptions to this rule. In his study, Christiaan Monden (2007) examines the health habits of married couples (p. 392). The researcher used such a method as unstructured interview in order to examine the impact of health preferences on people’s mating choices (Monden, 2007, p. 392). His findings suggest that women may prefer males who have the same health problems as they do (Monden, 2007, p. 407). For instance, the scholar points out that many cohabiting partners can have similar diseases like diabetes or asthma (Monden, 2007, p. 403). These findings do not support the premises of evolutionary psychology. They suggest that mating preferences can be very complex.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Certainly, there are opposite examples. In particular, the study done by David Schmitt (2005) suggests that women are usually very concerned about the lifestyles of their male partners (p. 286). Furthermore, according to Devendra Singh (2004) for many women, physical attractiveness can be an indicator of health (p. 43). Therefore, some premises of evolutionary psychology cannot be disregarded. Yet, one should not suppose that this theory tells us everything the behavior of women. Theme C. Education Overview of the theme The education level of a mating partner is also believed an important factor for women. The general premise is women usually seek a male who have high levels of educational attainment. However, one should understand how females regard education. This discussion of these issues is important for understanding the mating preferences. Additionally, one should take into consideration that education greatly affects a person’s perception of gender roles. In this sect ion, I would like to determine whether males’ perception of gender roles affects women’s mating preferences. Equality of education level The supporters of evolutionary psychology argue that irrespective of cultural background, women choose males who are intelligent and educated. For instance, David Schmitt’s study (2005) indicates that such a pattern exists in countries that may have different cultures, political systems, or religions (p. 256). Nevertheless, this rule should be specified. Such a researcher as Christiaan Monden (2007) says that females also want their partners to have similar education (p. 392). In other words, they value equality of conditions. To a great extent, this phenomenon can be explained by the fact that women value the similarity in attitudes and beliefs (Lehr Geher, 2006, p. 438). This is why they value the equality of education. Perception of gender roles Finally, researchers note that women also pay attention to perception of gender roles. For instance, Abedinia et al (2012) point out that women usually prefer mating partners who share their views on gender roles (p. 67). Moreover, such a conflict can be observed in many countries. In his research article, Oluyemi Stephens (2012) argues that many Nigerian families can be broken because partners have a different understanding of gender roles (p. 116). Nevertheless, one should take into account that not every scholar supports this point of view. In particular, David Schmitt’s study (2005) believes that the perception of gender roles does not produce a significant effect on the mating preferences of women. Thus, some of the choices that women make can be affected by social environment, rather than evolutionary forces. Conclusion Overall, this literature review indicates that the mating preferences of women cannot be described only by the terms of evolutionary theory. In particular, one can speak about the following behaviors and values: 1) the ability of a partner to meet women’s psychological needs; 2) their willingness to live with men who have similar educational level or even similar health problems; and 3) the importance of common attitudes and beliefs for them. The studies that have been reviewed have certain strengths. Each of them is based on empirical evidence that has been accurately codified and analyzed. Secondly, these sources show the complexity of women’s behavior. Nevertheless, one should remember about the limitations of these studies. Most of them do not take into account cultural aspects of marriage. Furthermore, they do not fully explain how the change of social norms affect women’s mating preferences. There are several questions that psychologists may consider: How are mating preferences of women affected by their age? What are the cultural aspects of mating and marriage? How do the attitudes of women change their mating preferences? What are the advantages and disadvantages of evolutionary theory as an explanation for the mating preferences of women? Reference List Abedinia, N., Bolhari, J., Ramezanzadeh, F., Naghizadeh, M. (2012). Comparison of Predisposing and Effective Factors on Divorce Application between Men and Women. Journal Of Family Reproductive Health, 6(2), 65-72. Hendrix, L., Pearson Jr., W. (1995). Spousal Interdependence, Female Power and Divorce: A Cross-Cultural Examination. Journal Of Comparative Family Studies, 26(2), 217-232. Lehr, A. Geher, G. (2006). Differential Effects of Reciprocity and Attitude Similarity Across Long- Versus Short-Term Mating Contexts. Journal Of Social Psychology, 146(4), 423-439. Monden, C. (2007). Partners in health? Exploring resemblance in health between partners in married and cohabiting couples. Sociology Of Health Illness, 29(3), 391-411. Schmitt, D. (2005). Sociosexuality from Argentina to Zimbabwe: A 48-nation study of sex, culture, and strategies of human mating. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 29 (120), 247-3 11. Singh, D. (2004). Mating Strategies of Young Women: Role of Physical Attractiveness. Journal Of Sex Research, 41(1), 43-54. Stephens, O. (2012). Student Counsellors Perceived Causes of Divorce among Couples in Lagos Metropolis. IFE Psychologia, 20(2), 113-118.

Mendelevium Facts - Element 101 or Md

Mendelevium Facts - Element 101 or Md Mendelevium is a radioactive synthetic element with atomic number 101 and element symbol Md. It is expected to be a solid metal at room temperature, but since it is the first element that cant be produced in large quantities by neutron bombardment, macroscopic samples of Md have not been produced and observed. Here is a collection of facts about mendelevium: Mendelevium is a synthetic element that has not been detected in nature. It was produced in 1955 by bombarding the element einsteinium (atomic number 99) with alpha particles to produce mendelevium-256. It was produced by Albert Ghiorso, Glenn T. Seaborg, Gregory Robert Choppin, Bernard G. Harvey, and Stanley G. Thompson at the University of California at Berkeley in 1955. Element 101 was the first element to be produced one atom at a time.According to Glenn Seaborg, the naming of the element was somewhat controversial. He said, We thought it fitting that there be an element named for the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev, who had developed the periodic table. In nearly all our experiments discovering transuranium elements, wed depended on his method of predicting chemical properties based on the elements position in the table. But in the middle of the Cold War, naming an element for a Russian was a somewhat bold gesture that did not sit well with some American critics. Mendelevium wa s the first of the second hundred chemical elements. Seaborg requested and received permission to name the new element for a Russian from the U.S. government. The proposed element symbol was Mv, but the IUPAC changed the symbol to Md at their assembly in Paris in 1957. Mendelevium is produced by bombarding bismuth targets with argon ions, plutonium or americium targets with carbon or nitrogen ions, or einsteinium with alpha particles. Starting with einsteinium, femtogram samples of element 101 may be produced.Mendelevium properties are largely based on predictions and on the activity of homologous elements on the periodic table because bulk preparation of the element isnt possible. The element forms trivalent (3) and divalent (2) ions. These oxidation states have been shown experimentally in solution. The 1 state has been reported, as well. The density, state of matter, crystal structure, and melting point have been estimated based on the behavior of nearby elements on the table. In chemical reactions, mendelevium behaves much like other radioactive transition metals and sometimes like an alkaline earth metal.At least 16 isotopes of mendelevium are known, which have mass numbers ranging from 245 to 260. All of them are radioactive and unstable. The longest-lived isotope is Md-258, which has a half-life of 51.5 days. Five nuclear isotopes of the element are known. The most important isotope for research, Md-256, decays via electron capture about 90% of the time and alpha decay otherwise. Because only small amounts of mendelevium can be produced and its isotopes have short half-lives, the only uses for element 101 are scientific research into the elements properties and for the synthesis of other heavy atomic nuclei.Mendelevium serves no biological function in organisms. Its toxic because of its radioactivity. Mendelevium Properties Element Name: mendeleviumElement Symbol: MdAtomic Number: 101Atomic Weight: (258)Discovery: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory - USA (1955)Element Group: actinide, f-blockElement Period: period 7Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f13  7s2  (2, 8, 18, 32, 31, 8, 2)Phase: predicted to be a solid at room temperatureDensity:  10.3  g/cm3  (predicted near room temperature)Melting Point:  1100  K  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹(827  Ã‚ °C, ​1521  Ã‚ °F)  (predicted)Oxidation States:  2,  3Electronegativity: 1.3 on the Pauling scaleIonization Energy:  1st:  635  kJ/mol (estimated)Crystal Structure: face-centered cubic (fcc) predicted Sources Ghiorso, A.; Harvey, B.; Choppin, G.; Thompson, S.; Seaborg, G. (1955). New Element Mendelevium, Atomic Number 101. Physical Review. 98 (5): 1518–1519.David R. Lide (ed),  CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 10, Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics; Ionization Potentials of Atoms and Atomic Ions.Hulet, E. K. (1980). Chapter 12. Chemistry of the Heaviest Actinides: Fermium, Mendelevium, Nobelium, and Lawrencium. In Edelstein, Norman M.  Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry and Spectroscopy.

Nutrition sciences Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 8000 words

Nutrition sciences - Essay Example ly consumption of food and drink by a sample of students and to analyse such dietary intakes into useful information, such as nutrients consumed by each student in the given time frame. Moreover the report is also aimed at critically evaluating the findings obtained through analysis and their comparison with Dietary Reference Values (DRV). Healthy diet, which has balanced nutrients, among youngsters is a major factor in determining their health conditions in the years to come. It is due to this reason that consuming a certain level of nutrients in each diet an individual takes is essential for a healthy life. Student life is the phase in which every individual experiences changes and variations in life style and consumption patterns on a frequent basis. Such changes and variations are likely to influence their health in the later stages of their lives and develop certain eating habits, which are difficult to be changed afterwards. It is therefore considered pertinent to make youngsters understand about the health benefits of a balanced diet which ensures the supply of necessary nutrients on a daily basis. In the past, numerous research works have been carried out with the aim of determining the dietary intakes among university and college students. In their study, Kresic, Jovanovic, Zezelj, Cvijanovic & Ivezic (2009) aimed at determining the relationship between the knowledge possessed by students from universities and its impact on their dietary intakes. The researchers found that students who possessed knowledge regarding the optimum and balanced diet were able to ensure a balanced dietary intake in their daily lives as compared to those who lacked such knowledge. The researchers recommended that awareness about nutrition and balanced dietary intakes shall be introduced in universities so as to ensure healthy lifestyles among students (Kresic, et al., 2009). On the other hand, Soriano, Molto & Manes (2000) carried out a research work to find out dietary intake

Project Management Software Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Management Software - Research Paper Example Finally, it is significant that project associated risks are proactively recognized, mitigated and documented (Robb, 2009). A project manager should complete the risk assessment at the start of the project and assign risk ownership correctly so that, at the period of contingency, the risk owner takes the required procedures to lessen the dangers (Robb, 2009). Project management software is capable of planning, organizing, and managing resource pools and creates resource estimation (Robb, 2009). Depending on the complexity of the software, resource comprising of planning and estimation, scheduling, budget management and cost control, resource allocation, communication, collaboration software, decision-making, documentation and quality management or administration systems. The software also permits users to manage, track and control the mid- project status report of project, which will give insight to the sponsors regarding the progress (Robb, 2009). Finally, project management software can give information to diverse sponsors. The information can be used in measuring and justifying the level of effort needed to complete the

Benefits and Disadvantages of Standards to an Organization Essay - 1

Benefits and Disadvantages of Standards to an Organization - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that organizations use thousands of standards in their daily operations to increase the quality, enhance environmental management, for health protection and safety, and in risk assessment. Standards refer to the published documents that detail procedures and specifications designed for ensuring safety, reliability, and consistency in services, products, and systems. They establish a conventional language, which defines safety criteria and quality. A standard comprises of codes, handbooks, specifications and guidelines defining possible goals in an organization. Standards also refer to documents that provide the requirements, rules, and guidelines regarding a service, product, or process. Requirements are complemented by the description of the services, products, and the process. Standards depend on the consensus approved by the recognized body. They enhance achievement of the optimum degree in a given context. They enable formulation, impleme ntation, and issuing of the requirements. The process of standardization in any organization enhances the fitness of purpose by defining the ability for the fulfillment of purpose based on specified conditions. Standards enhance the identification of optimum operating parameters in performance processes. Standards lay the conditions in use of the process and provide for the evaluation of the product conformity. The suitability of a process used towards the fulfillment of the requirement is outlined by the standards. This is achieved through a deliberate process of standardization for goods and services, irrespective of the region of manufacture or location of the organization. Standards enhance variety reduction where the consumer knows exactly what they want, and this is critical in organizations to enhance balancing the varieties. Compatibility enhancement is achieved through the standards. The parallel incompatible processes are detrimental in any organization, but standards enha nce compatibility by enhancing recognition of codes at all times in all the processes. Safety is enhanced using the health and safety standards that outline the safety parameters and identification processes.

How the women in two stories are treated by the men in their lives Essay Example for Free

How the women in two stories are treated by the men in their lives Essay Examine how the women in two stories are treated by the men in their lives Two short fiction stories which show how women are treated by the men in their lives are The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion and Weekend. The first story is a pre-1914 story called The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion and it is written by Thomas Hardy. The story is set in 1801 and it was published in 1891.The other story is a more modern story as it is set in the late twentieth century and was published in 1981. It is called Weekend and it is written by a feminist writer called Fay Weldon. The main theme of The Melancholy of the German Legion is how a woman is treated with little independence and how the main female character, Phyllis Grove, tries to find her own freedom by forming a strong friendship with a German soldier that escalates into a relationship. Phyllis is a shy, young character who lives in a secluded manor house with her father, Dr Grove, who was a professional and well-respected gentleman. There now appears to be a lack of money in the Grove household. She is very wary of people due to her sheltered life of solitude, which is mainly the result of her fathers own seclusion, her social condition was twilight. She doesnt appear to have a job as she is the unmarried daughter and she has to look after her father. This was very common for women in the nineteenth century as they didnt have the freedom to go to work and make a career for themselves. Women who were of a low social class would have done very menial jobs, such as maid or dairy maid. Martha is the female in focus in the story Weekend. The story appears to be set in the late 1980s to the early 19990s. The social class of the family in focus is working class as they do not appear to be poor or extremely rich. Martha is a middle-aged market researcher who is married to Martin, a freelance designer and together they have three children called Jolyon, Jenny and Jasper. She has a rather hectic lifestyle looking after three children, running a home, holding down a full-time job and being at her demanding husbands beck and call there was the car to unpack and the beds to make up and the electricity to connect, and the supper to make and the cobwebs to remove. The main theme of this story is how hard Martha has to work and how little recognition she receives in return. She has to play the role of the happy little housewife to please her domineering husband and informs us of how hard her life was made by her husband, the man who is meant to love her. Despite the way she is treated by her husband, she is educated to university standard and she is most probably going to overtake her husband in earnings. The main male characters in The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion each treat Phyllis in a different manor. Her father, Dr Grove, seems very over-protective of her and likes his life of seclusion. This may be because he lost his wife and feels that it is his duty to make sure that no harm comes of Phyllis and that he thinks he knows what is best for his daughter. When Humphrey Gould asked Mr Grove for his daughters hand in marriage, Mr Grove accepted without even consulting Phyllis. Mr Grove considered this to be a good move for his daughter as Humphreys family had a respectable social position in the community and he could provide for her. Even though Mr Grove treats his daughter with the respect she deserves, he still refrains her from having her freedom and the right to chose who she wants to marry. Humphrey Gould himself was a thirty-year-old bachelor from an old local family, who was neither good-looking nor positively plain. He seemed extremely happy to have Phyllis as his wife-to-be and gave the impression that he would take good care of her and had great respect for her. He treated her as a lady with great respect, but despite the good image we get of Gould in the beginning of the story, we soon see a different side of him. He goes away to Bath and doesnt keep Phyllis informed of his whereabouts and she is left questioning whether the engagement is still on or not. When he eventually returns he tells her that he has married another young woman, who he describes as being a dear young belle. This action wasnt very thoughtful on his behalf and even though Phyliss didnt really want to marry him and didnt love him, she still fells slightly betrayed. The only male in The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion who doesnt treat women as though they are objects and treats Phyllis with the amount of respect and freedom she truly deserves is Matthaus Tina. He was a German soldier in the York Hussars regiment and was staying close to where Phyllis lived. He had travelled to England with his brother Christoph, due to The War of the Second Coalition, and had left his mother in his native town of Saarbuck. After Phyllis had first met Matthaus she couldnt stop thinking about him and described him as so striking, so handsome, and his eyes were so blue. He was twenty-two and had quite a high position in the German Army as a corporal. He treated Phyllis as though she were equal to him and there was no hint of a divide between them due to her being female. He respected her fully and never let her down, unlike Humphrey Gould who broke off the engagement. He may have treated her with more respect and freedom than the other main men in her life as he was German and in his country they may have been more hospitable towards women. Martin is the male in focus in Weekend and his is a very obnoxious character. He is married to Martha and he is a freelance designer and there are clues in the story which suggest that he is in his forties, for example he watches the BBC2 news, which is typical of a middle-aged person. Martin treats Martha as more of a servant than a wife and he puts all of the responsibilities onto her. He seems to think that he is too good to be doing housework and odd-jobs and Martha is left to do long lists of chores, prepare tea and sandwiches for the family: then she would strip four beds, the chores seem endless. Martin is also very particular about how he like things to be done, which means extra work for Martha. Martin thinks mash is stodgy and ordinary and instant mash is unthinkable, which means Martha has to take a long time to sautà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ the potatoes and he thinks pork is a dull meat if its not cooked properly, so she has to spend ages cooking it just how he likes it. Martha doesnt say much in the story as she cant get a word in edgeways because in his eyes he is the man of the house, even though Martha runs the household. She doesnt have much of a chance to voice her opinions directly, but she does voice them in her thoughts as the story is mainly written in first person narrative with her as the narrator. She helps us to get inside her head and with her use of lists she helps to inform us of just how many things she has to do. She seems to scared to disagree with Martin and goes along with whatever he says I expect your right, just to keep the peace. Martha and Phyllis are similar in many ways, even though they are in different situations and from different backgrounds. They are both overpowered by the men in their lives who are closest to them and they are both deprived of having their own lives. Neither of the women seem to have a say about what happens in their lives, for example Phyllis was told who to marry by her father and Martha was told what to with her life by her husband. Despite the number of similarities between the two women there are also some differences between them. Martha put up with her way of life and didnt question it much, but Phyllis did decide to change things. She chose to carry on the affair with Matthaus Tina as she saw a break from her regimented lifestyle and went against her fathers wishes. Phyllis became quite rebellious when she was planning to escape to Saarbuck with Matthaus and Christoph. This is something that Martha would never have considered doing. Both of the women are victims in each of the stories, but I think that Marthas suffering was worse than that of Phyllis as hers was constant and she never got a break from it. Phyllis is treated better than Martha in that respect as she had someone in her life who was treating her very well. That person was Tina as he was the only one who saw the true Phyllis and respected the true Phyllis. To me, Marthas victimisation is worse than that of Phyllis as in 1981 Martha should have had more chances and opportunities due to the development of society, than Phyllis did in1801. I felt very sympathetic towards both of the female characters due to the fact that they are seen as victims and I also felt sympathetic towards Matthaus Tina. I felt sympathetic towards him as he did so much for Phyllis and did his best to keep her happy. It was very sad when he was killed at the end of the story and I again felt very sympathetic towards Phyllis as she lost the one person she truly trusted. The rest of her life is touched by the scandal, even though she was blameless for what happened. The type of language used in each of the stories is suited to the time that it was written and they are very different to each other. The language in The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion is formal and uses traditional English, such as unsrupulous and melancholy, as that type of language would have been used in the nineteenth century. It contains more complex sentences than that used in Weekend and they are sometimes harder to comprehend. The narrative in The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion starts in first person, which is Hardys narration to introduce the characters and scene to the reader. It then progresses into third person narrative to involve the reader in the story, before returning to first person narrative to tie of all loose ends in the story, for example Matthaus date of death. The use of third person narrative enables the reader to see more deeply into the story and become more involved in what is happening. The narrative style and language used in Weekend is less formal than that used in Hardys stories. There are many non-sentences, such as Katy versus Janet, which do not contain a verb and are more of a thought .There are many compound sentences that use words such as then, but, and, so, which helps Martha to express how many jobs she has to do. This use of language is well suited to the date in which the story was set. The role and rights of women changed quite a lot in the period of time between when the two books were written. In 1801, nobody had the chance to vote and your right to a say depended on your position in society. Men with homes got the vote in 1867, all men got the vote in 1916 and women didnt get the vote until 1926. This meant that for along time women were seen as being lower than men and were provided for by their husbands. Other turning points for women in this time span were that they were able to get jobs and were protected by The Sex Discrimination Act,1975. This explains why Martha had a job and Phyllis didnt, but there is still no explanation to support why Martha was treated so badly in modern day Britain. My conclusion is that Fay Weldon was trying to get across that some traditions never change.

Effects That Caffeine Consumption

Effects That Caffeine Consumption Caffeine is the most commonly used psychoactive substance in the United States (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Regular coffee drinkers consume an average of 200-500mg of caffeine per day (Julien, 2005). Caffeine is found in a broad variety of sources including coffee, tea, energy drinks, chocolate and some over the counter medications (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Upon consumption, caffeine reaches peak plasma levels in 30-75 minutes and has a half life of 3-7 hours when consumed in a single dose (Roehrs Roth, 2008). When consumed in greater quantities, the half life is extended (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeines high rate of consumption may be due to the desirable effects it produces, such as increase mental alertness, improved flow of thought and of course, feelings of wakefulness (Julien, 2005). Caffeine is not without its undesirable effects; caffeine consumption may have a negative effect on tasks which require fine motor skills, complex arithmetic skills, or precise timing (Julien, 2005). Structurally, caffeine is similar to adenosine. In the brain, adenosine decreases neural firings and inhibits neurotransmitter release (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeine works as an adenosine antagonist; blocking adenosine receptors in the brain. As a consequence, caffeine prevents adenosine from decreasing neural firings, leading to an increase in firings, and the stimulant effects caffeine is well known for (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Caffeines blocking of adenosine receptors leads to dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex, causing caffeines alerting effects (Julien, 2005). While discontinuation of caffeine consumption may produce withdrawal symptoms, caffeine does not influence the dopaminergic structures associated with rewards and addiction (Julien, 2005). Typical withdrawal symptoms include headache, drowsiness, fatigue, and negative mood (Julien, 2005). It is often difficult to estimate the amount of caffeine a person consumes due to great variability in the amount of caffeine per beverage (particularly coffee), exclusion of new caffeinated products on questionnaires, and variation in consumption from day to day. It is also difficult to compare results between studies due to a great amount of variation in methods of measuring caffeine consumption levels (Shohet Landrum, 2001). A study by Shohet Landrum (2001) of undergraduate university students implemented the use of an updated version of the caffeine consumption questionnaire as well as looking at chronotype and age. The caffeine Consumption questionnaire decreases a great deal of inaccuracy of caffeine consumption measurement. Shohet Landrum (2001) found that the average participant in the study consumed 1597.6mg/week. They also found that level of caffeine consumption is positively correlated with age. It was speculated that this increase may be an effort to compensate for de creased metabolism and subsequent decrease in energy (Shohet Landrum, 2001). In the same study, there was no significant difference in caffeine consumption between males and females (Shohet Landrum, 2001). Caffeine consumption in the evening was higher among older people, who tended to be morning-types (Shohet Landrum, 2001). The effects that caffeine consumption has on sleep are vast. Orbeta, Overpeck, Ramcharrin, Kogan Ledski (2006) found in a study of American high school students that those who reported a high rate of caffeine consumption also reported more difficulty falling asleep and felt more tired in the morning. In a number of studies, caffeine administration in varying amounts significantly reduced total sleep time and increased sleep onset latency (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Some studies also found a reduction in percentage of slow wave sleep after caffeine administration (Roehrs Roth, 2008). In a study where caffeine was administered prior to sleep, EEG spectral power density was reduced in the .75 4.5 Hz band. In a parallel study, men were administered 200 mg of caffeine upon waking (07:00 h) still experienced a reduction in EEG spectral power density in the .75 4.5 Hz range in the subsequent night sleep (Landolt, Werth, Borbely, Dijk, 1995). In this same study, total sleep time and sleep eff iciency were reduced following caffeine administration in the morning. Power density was reduced in the .25 .5 Hz range, and enhanced in the 11.25 12.00 Hz and 13.25-14.00 Hz ranges for NREM sleep (Landolt et al., 1995). Though a single 200 mg dose of caffeine in the morning clearly influences sleep propensity and power density of the EEG in the subsequent sleep episode, there was no deterioration in subjective sleep quality, and there is not a severe disruption of sleep continuity (Landolt et al., 1995). In contrast, a study by Sanchez-Ortuno, Moore, Taillard, Valtat, Leger, Damien, Bioulac, and Philip (2005) found that up to eight cups of coffee consumed by regular coffee drinkers was not associated with reduced TST. There was also no relationship found between caffeine consumption and day time sleepiness in participants consuming up to eight cups daily (Sanchez-Ortuno et al., 2005). The chronotype of an individual may be related to caffeine consumption. Chronotypes are a preference for being active during a particular time of day (Giannotti, Cortesi, Sebastiani, Ottaviano, 2002). Some individuals may be categorized as Morning-Types. Morning Types prefer to wake early in the morning, retire earlier in the evening, and are most active in the early hours of the day, where as Evening-Types prefer to rise later, and engage in activities later in the day. Others may fall somewhere between the morning-type and evening-type extreme. Daily physiological rhythms such as core body temperature, blood pressure and hormone secretions vary from one chronotype to another. Morningness and Eveningness also tend to vary with age, with older adults generally demonstrating a preference for morning activity, and younger adults a preference for evening activity (Giannotti et al., 2002). A study by Giannotti et al. (2002) of adolescents found that as they approached young adulthood, t heir circadian preference shifted more towards Eveningness. Giannotti et al. (2002) also found that Evening types tended to consume more caffeine, particularly in the morning. This may be due to forced pressure to adhere to a schedule more appropriate for those with a preference for morning activity (Giannotti et al., 2002). In a study of both men and women with different, but fixed work schedules by Ana Aden (1994) it was found that caffeine consumption increased with preference for evening. Evening types consumed more caffeine than neutral types, and neutral types consumed more caffeine than morning types. Interestingly, a large percentage of evening types were found to be caffeine abusers. 500 mg or more of caffeine per day was considered abuse (Aden, 1994). Adolescent evening types showed a more irregular sleep schedule and poorer subjective sleep quality in a study by Giannotti et al. (2002). Evening types also had higher sleep/wake behaviour scores than morning types, an indication of more sleep problems in evening types (Giannotti et al., 2002). Evening type adolescents reported consuming more sleeping pills than morning types as well as more day time sleepiness (Gianotti et al., 2002). Evening types had a greater tendency to fall asleep at school, and attention problems as well (Giannotti et al., 2002). An increase in the accessability of technology like computers, internet, television, and MP3 players may also impact caffeine consumption as well as sleep. A study by Calamaro, Mason, Radcliffe (2009) found that adolescents with higher scores on the multi-tasking index also reported higher caffeine intake, increase daytime sleepiness, increased incidents of falling asleep at school, and decreased total sleep time. Only 20% of the teenagers in this study received the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep for their age (Calamaro et al., 2009). 33% reported falling asleep at school on a regular basis, and 37% and 42% take naps on school days and weekends respectively (Calamaro et al., 2009). Clearly there is a great deal of interaction between caffeine consumption and chronotype. There is also apparent interaction between caffeine consumption and sleep quality. Chronotype had an influence on sleep quality in adolescents, There is also a relationship between caffeine consumption and sleep quality and multi-tasking/technology use. The present study aimed to examine the interrelationship between these variables in a group of university students. It was hypothesized that students who reported higher caffeine consumption would report lower subjective sleep quality. This relationship would be demonstrated by a significant positive correlation between level of caffeine consumption determined by Caffeine Consumption Questionairre (mg/week) (Modified from Landrum, 1992) and score on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (a higher score indicates poorer sleep quality) (Buysse et al., 1989). It was also predicted that students who were evening-types would consume a greater amount of c affeine than morning-type students. This would be demonstrated by a significant negative correlation between Morningness-Eveningness Questionairre (a lower score indicates a preference for eveningness) (Horne stberg, 1976) and daily caffeine consumption (mg/week) . Next, it was predicted that evening types would experience more subjective sleep problems than morning types. More specifically, there would be a significant negative relationship between scores on the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score. The fourth prediction was that students who scored higher on the Nighttime Activities (Multi-tasking) Index would also consume a greater amount of caffeine. Specifically, there would be a positive relationship between Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire score and Nighttime Activities (Multi-Tasking) Index score. Finally, we predicted that students who were evening-types would use more technology between 21:00 and 06:00. This would be indicated b y a significant negative relationship between Morningness-Eveningness score and Nighttime Activities (Multi-Tasking) Index score. Method Participants Participants in this study were 49 undergraduate students enrolled in a Sleep and Arousal course and Trent University. Student age ranged from 20-31 years. Mean age of participants was 22.12 years (SD 2.26). 9 males and 39 females participated in this study. Materials Materials used were 4 established questionairres. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionairre (Horne stberg, 1976) was used to determine an individuals chronotype (preferred or peak time of day (morning, evening or neutral)). Scores range from 16-86. Questionnaires were scored as follows: (16-30) Definitely Evening, (31-41) Moderately Evening, (42-58) Neutral, (59-69) Moderately Morning, (70-86) Definitely Morning. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was used to measure students overall sleep quality (Buysse et al. 1989). Scores range from 0-21, with lower scores indicating better sleep quality. A modified version of the Caffeine Consumption Questionairre (Landrum, 1992) was used to estimate weekly caffeine consumption in students. Participants indicate how much caffeine they consume in the morning, afternoon, evening, and night time. Students also indicate the source of caffeine (small coffee, medium tea, soft drink, large coffee). The caffeine content of each type and size of drink was determined by Calamaro et al. (2009) and Roehrs and Roth (2008). Finally, the Night-Time Activities Questionnaire, modified from Calamaro et al. (2009) was used to measure the amount of time students spent doing various technology based activities in the evening (9:00pm 6:00am). Activities such as watching television, and using the computer were included). A multi-tasking index was then created by adding the total hours of time spent on all tasks and dividing this number by 9 (the total hours between 9:00 pm and 6:00 am). A student who engages in 9 hours of activity in that 9 hour period would receive a score of 1.0 (A score greater than 1 is possible, for example, if a student was listening to music and using the computer at the same time). Procedure Participants filled out all four questionnaires during a scheduled lecture period. The Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index were scored by students after completion, while the other two questionnaires were scored by the instructor. Results Caffeine Consumption Questionairre The mean level of caffeine consumption in milligrams per week for the morning (06:00 12:00) period was 685.63 (SD = 1032.21). Mean afternoon (12:00 18:00) period caffeine consumption was 394.90 (SD = 554.39). The mean level of evening (18:00 02:00) period caffeine consumption in these university students was 320.49 (SD = 355.48) and mean night time (02:00 06:00) caffeine consumption was 24.84 (SD = 64.49) milligrams per week. Mean caffeine consumption total in milligrams per week was 1425.86 (SD = 1737.82). These results were similar to results found by Shohet et al. in that the greatest amount of caffeine was being consumed in the morning time. There was a slightly lower level of total caffeine consumption in our study compared to the results found by Shohet et al., with a difference of 171.74 mg/week between the two studies. This amount is equivalent to about 1 cup of coffee. (MORE COMPARISON BETWEEN OURS AND SHOHET..SEE TABLE 2 IN PAPER AT BATA) The mean source of the caffeine consumed weekly in milligrams was 974.69 (SD = 1713.09) for coffee, 270.12 (SD = 338.18) for tea, 99.24 (SD = 163.39) for soft drinks, 45.06 (SD = 127.23) for energy drinks, and 36.73 (SD = 74.44) for hot chocolate. The vast majority of caffeine consumed weekly by these university students was via coffee while very little caffeine was consumed in hot chocolate. Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) The mean MEQ score was 43.59 (SD = 12.25). Scores ranged from 24 to 69. 16.33% of participants were Definitely-Evening (n= 8), 34.69% were Moderately-Evening (n=17), 36.73% were Neutral (n=18) and 12.24% were Moderately-Morning. None of the participants were Definitely-Morning types. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) Each subscale of the PSQI has a possible score of 0-3. The mean Subjective Sleep Quality score was 1.37 (SD = 0.83). The mean Sleep Onset Latency score was 1.84 (SD = 1.01). The mean Sleep Duration score was 0.78 (SD = 0.82). The mean Habitual Sleep Efficiency score was 0.69 (SD = 0.98). The mean Sleep Disturbances score was 1.55 (SD = 1.14). The mean Use of Sleeping Medication was 0.37 (SD = 0.83), and the mean Daytime Dysfunction score was 1.35 (SD = 0.83). The mean total score on the PSQI was 7.78 (SD = 3.93). According to Buysse et al. (1988), a score greater than 5 indicates that someone is a poor sleeper. The mean score of our participants was within the range of abnormal. The greatest amount of sleep disturbance came from high sleep onset latency, while the least disruptive factor was reliance on the use of sleep medications. Night-Time Activities Questionnaire (NTAQ) The mean data for the activities included on the NTAQ are included in figure 1. The mean multi-tasking index of these night time activities is 0.60 (SD = 0.29). The range of multi-tasking index scores was 0.12 1.39. A score of 0.60 means that the participant was doing some combination of the activities on the NTAQ for 5.40 hours. (0.60 x 9 hours = 5.40) of the 9 hour sleep period. In the case of the score of 1.39, the participant was engaging in an activity on the NTIQ for 12.51 hours. Since the measured period is only 9 hours, this participant was engaging in more than one activity at a time, for example, listening to MP3 player and online computer use. Results of Correlation Analysis There was a significant negative correlation between MEQ and Multi-Tasking Index. Morning types tended to have lower Multi-Tasking Index scores than Evening types, r = -.32, p Table 1 Correlations found between Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Multi-tasking Index, and Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire. . Â ­_ MEQ PSQI Multi-Tasking . MEQ score -.16 -.32* PSQI score .03 Caffeine Consumption Coffee -.06 .31* -.06 Tea .20 -.20 -.08 Hot Chocolate .13 -.18 .08 Soft Drinks -.30* .02 .08 Energy Drinks -.14 .20 .07 . Total Caffeine -.06 .25 .01 . * p Discussion We predicted that participants who consumed a greater level of caffeine would have higher scores, indicating poorer sleep quality, on the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Although total caffeine consumption level failed to predict a higher sleep quality score, there was a significant negative correlation between level of coffee consumption and PSQI. Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire Score was predicted to negatively correlate with score on the Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire. Total caffeine consumption did not significantly correlate with MEQ score. Level of caffeinated soft drink consumption did significantly correlate with MEQ with evening types consuming greater amounts of caffeinated soft drinks than morning-types. It was predicted that evening types would report more sleep problems via the PSQI. This correlation failed to reach significance in our analysis. There is no significant difference between Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score in evening-types from morning-types. We predicted that students who scored higher on the Nighttime Activities (Multi-tasking) Index would also consume a greater amount of caffeine. The analysis revealed no significant relationship between these variables. Our final prediction was that evening-types would engage in a greater level of technology use in the evening, as indicated by a significant negative relationship between MEQ score and Multi-Tasking Index. There was a significant relationship between MEQ and Multi-Tasking Index. Evening types did tend to engage in more activities involving technology between the hours of 2100 and 0600 than morning-types, as predicted. Using The Caffeine Consumption Questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index as a measure, consumption of higher levels of caffeine did not did predict poorer sleep quality. Although several studies found that caffeine consumption increased sleep onset latency, decreased total sleep time and increased daytime sleepiness, we did not find that high levels of total caffeine consumption predicted a significantly poorer sleep quality score (Roehrs Roth, 2008). Although total caffeine consumption and PSQI were not correlated, caffeinated coffee consumption did predict a poorer sleep quality score. This contrasts findings by Sanchez-Ortunga et al. (2005) in which up to eight cups of coffee consumed by regular coffee drinkers did not result in a significantly lower TST. Although it should be taken into consideration that TST is only one component of the PSQI. Contrary to our findings, Gianotti et al. (2002) found that Evening-types tended to consume a greater amount of caffeine than morning types. Ana Aden (1994) also found that daily caffeine consumption increased as preference for evening activity increased. Although these results contrast our findings, we did find a slight but significant relationship between consumption of caffeinated soft drinks and preference for evening. Gianotti et al. (2002) also found that evening-type adolescents reported poorer subjective sleep quality than morning types. These evening-type adolescents also showed a more irregular sleep schedule. Evening types showed greater daytime sleepiness, increased frequency of falling asleep during the day, and other indications of poor sleep quality (Gianotti et al., 2002). Contrary to these findings, we found no relationship between PSQI score and chronotype. Although Calamero et al. (2009) found that those reporting an increased multi-tasking index score also consumed greater amounts of caffeine, we found no relationship between the two. We did, however, find a significant relationship between chronotype and multi-tasking index. Evening types tended to engage in more technologically based activities between 2100 and 0600. There was no previous research available examining the relationship between chronotype and Night-time Activities/Multi-tasking Index. This may be a possible area of further investigation. One limitation of this study is the lack of diversity in the sample. The participants were a relatively small group of undergraduate psychology students between the age of 20-31. The small sample size may have made it difficult for trends in the data to reach significant levels. Also, chronotype and caffeine consumption have been shown to change over the lifetime, however, we were able to examine only a small window of young adulthood, leaving little opportunity for drastic variations. Also, being students, many of these participants may have schedules which vary drastically from day to day, as well as an increased frequency of engaging in late night activities with peers. These behaviours may have a confounding influence on many sleep variables. Thus, these findings may not be generalized to the population. Re-examining the same material with a larger and more diverse sample may yield more helpful results. This would be fairly simple to do since the questionnaires may be filled out with little guidance or instruction, and simply be distributed and returned by post or electronically administered. Another limitation is that the entire data collection procedure relied completely on student self-reports. The accuracy of these self-evaluations of sleep quality, sleep latency, and level of caffeine consumption may not have been accurate. Some questionnaires were also self scored, leaving open the opportunity for error in calculations. Although much of our analysis of caffeine consumptions effect on sleep quality failed to reach statistical significance, the trends in the data indicate that caffeine does likely detrimentally influence sleep quality. As previous research has shown, the impact caffeine may have on daytime functioning and sleep may be greater than many people realize. Caffeine consumption may be leading to a poorer nights sleep, and this less recuperative sleep subsequently may lead to more caffeine consumption the following day to compensate for the caffeine disrupted sleep of the night before. One can see how this may result in a caffeine/poor sleep cycle. Another interesting finding was the correlation between chronotype and Multi-tasking index score. It would be interesting to investigate whether this relationship is due to evening-types engaging in more night-time activities in order to simply occupy the time between when they believe they should be sleeping and when they are able to sleep, or if the opportunity to occupy the mind and stave off sleep, and disrupting their natural activity time preference. Although we did not specifically make any predictions regarding Multi-tasking Index and PSQI, it is interesting to note that there was no relationship between Multi-tasking Index and PSQI. Research by Calamaro et al. (2009) found that a high Multi-tasking Index was related to sleep problems like difficulty falling asleep, decreased total sleep time and daytime sleepiness. There was no relationship between chronotype and sleep quality in our study, despite findings of a significant relationship by Gianotti et al. (2002). Although the trend in our data leaned towards a similar relationship, it did not reach significance. 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